Over-illumination is the presence of lighting intensity (illuminance) beyond that required for a specified activity. Over-illumination was commonly ignored between 1950 and 1995, especially in office and retail environments; only since then has the interior design community begun to reconsider this practice. The concept of over-illumination encompasses two separate but related concerns: Use of more artificial illumination than required is expensive and energy-intensive. This includes considera… (More on Over-illumination)